美国涉外离婚管辖制度
1977年的《美国冲突法重述》第70条至第73条之规定: 配偶双方的住所均在其境内的州,有权就配偶双方的离婚行使司法管辖权。(第70条)
配偶一方的住所地州有权就配偶双方离婚行使司法管辖权。(第71条)
配偶任何一方在其领土上均无住所的州与配偶一方有联系,如该州基于此种联系解除双方婚姻是合理的,该州即有权对离婚行使司法管辖权。(第72条)
上述三条规定可以作以下的规定:
①夫妻双方均有住所的州;
②夫妻一方住所的州;
③夫妻双方在其领土均无住所的州,但与该州"有联系"且依此联系的解除双方婚姻是合理的。
据温特劳布在《冲突法评论》一书中指出,自1942年Williams诉North Carolina一案以后,美国即确立了离婚诉讼的原告人于诉讼提出时没有住所的州享有管辖权的原则,而且只要该原告人一方的住所在该州即可,即使结婚未在该州举行,且双方从未以夫妻身份生活在该州,作为离婚原因的事实也未发生在该州,配偶他方亦未出庭应诉,且无其他对未出庭一方有行使对人管辖权(personam jurlsdiction)的根据,都不妨碍这种管辖权的行使(只要给未出庭一方合法送达了传票且向他提供了出庭应诉的机会)。
美国各州司法权独立,从19世纪起,各州相互承认女方可以单独设立住所,这是与英国的"住所从夫"规定有迥然不同的区别。
各州对"住所"的发生时间也有不同的规定,如内华达州与阿拉斯加州规定,只要夫妻在该州境内居住满6个星期,视为在该州有"居所",该州法院对离婚案件即享有管辖权。
美国是属于英美法系的国家,判例是作为判决的依据,在较著名的Williamsv.north Carolina等案件中,可以说是对美国离婚管辖权作了如下的补充。
第一、非当事人住所地法院所作出的离婚判决,对未出庭也不属于该法院管辖权下之缺席配偶无拘束力。此原则可防止配偶之一方,于非住所地法院获得有效的片面离婚判决。
第二、请求离婚配偶的住所地法院所为离婚判决有效,且此判决应受他州法院之承认。
第三、倘若缺席配偶因出庭(诉讼代理人代理亦可)、提出答辩状等参加离婚诉讼程序时,则离婚判决有拘束力亦有效,必须为他州法院所承认。
第四、离婚管辖权与基于婚姻而生扶养义务管辖权不同。婚姻当事人任何一方之住所地法院有离婚管辖权,其他州基于充分信任的条款,即不得再认为被为夫妻。
美国纽约州离婚管辖权相关法律条文的翻译
[原文]
New York Divorce Law
Residency requirements
For New York State Supreme Court to have jurisdiction over the parties (see Domestic Relations Law§ 230) one of the following residency conditions must be satisfied:
The marriage ceremony was performed in New York and either spouse is a resident of the state at the time of the commencement of the action for divorce and resided in the state for a continuous period of one year immediately before the action began.
The couple lived as husband and wife in New York and either spouse is a resident of the state at the time of the commencement of the action for divorce and resided in this state for a continuous period of one year immediately before the action began.
The grounds for divorce occurred in New York and either spouse is a resident of the state at the time of the commencement of the action for divorce and resided in the state for a continuous period of one year immediately before the action began.
The grounds for divorce occurred in New York and both spouses are New York residents at the time the action is commenced.
If the parties were married outside of New York and have never lived together as husband and wife in the state and the grounds for divorce did not occur in New York then, one spouse must presently be a resident of New York and have resided continuously in the state for at least two years prior to filing an action for divorce.
Residing "continuously" in the state does not mean that the party can not have left the state during the period of residency nor does it mean that the party does not have another residence elsewhere outside New York.
[译文]
纽约州离婚法
居所的要求
下列关于住所的条件中,当事人必须符合其中的一项,纽约高等法院才对其有管辖权(参见Domestic Relations Law§ 230):
婚礼在纽约举行,并且夫妇中的一方在起诉离婚时在美国居住,并且到起诉时在纽约州连续居住满一年。
双方以夫妻名义在纽约州生活,并且夫妇中的一方在起诉离婚时在美国居住,并且到起诉时在纽约州连续居住满一年。
离婚的依据事实发生在纽约州,而且夫妇中的一方在起诉离婚时在纽约州居住,并且到起诉时在纽约州连续居住满一年。
离婚的依据事实发生在纽约州,而且夫妻双方起诉时在纽约州居住。
如果,当事人在纽约州境外结婚,也没有以夫妻名义共同在纽约州居住,离婚的依据事实发生在纽约州境外,那么双方都必须现在纽约州居住,并且到起诉时在纽约州连续居住满两年。
在纽约州“连续”居住并不是指当事人在居住期间内不能离开纽约州,也不是指当事人在纽约州外没有别的居所。
[原文]
Domestic Relations Law § 230
S 230. Required residence of parties.
An action to annul a marriage, or to declare the nullity of a void marriage, or for divorce or separation may be maintained only when:
1. The parties were married in the state and either party is a resident thereof when the action is commenced and has been a resident for a continuous period of one year immediately preceding, or
2. The parties have resided in this state as husband and wife and either party is a resident thereof when the action is commenced and has been a resident for a continuous period of one year immediately preceding, or
3. The cause occurred in the state and either party has been a resident thereof for a continuous period of at least one year immediately preceding the commencement of the action, or
4. The cause occurred in the state and both parties are residents thereof at the time of the commencement of the action, or
5. Either party has been a resident of the state for a continuous period of at least two years immediately preceding the commencement of the action.
[译文]
Domestic Relations Law § 230
§ 230 当事人居所的要求。
只有在下列情况下,当事人可以主张废除婚姻、宣告无效婚姻、离婚或者别居:
1. 双方在该州结婚,并且在起诉时一方在该州居住,并且连续居住满一年,或者
2. 双方以夫妻名义在该州生活,并且夫妇中的一方在起诉离婚时在该州居住,并且到起诉时在该州连续居住满一年,或者
3. 离婚的依据事实发生在该州,而且夫妇中的一方在起诉离婚时在该州居住,并且到起诉时在该州连续居住满一年,或者
4. 离婚的依据事实发生在该州,而且夫妻双方起诉时在该州居住,或者
5. 在起诉时,一方至少在该州连续居住满两年。